Evaluating Causation When Confronted With Unfavorable...

At some point in time, we have all experienced regret. As rational human beings, we often make decisions that cause ripple effects that may change our lives in considerable or insignificant ways. When we make regrettable decisions that have negative outcomes, we often dwell on â€Å"what might have been† and wonder about the possible results of having made an alternative choice; we call this process counterfactual thinking (Sanna Chang, 2006). This paper aims to examine how this type of thinking can affect the ways in which we process causation when confronted with unfavorable outcomes. In order to gauge how counterfactual thinking can be affected, we will focus on the factors of gender and mutability of a situation. According to Epstude and Roese (2008), when people compare an imagined alternative outcome with the actual outcome of an action or a situation, they are engaging in the process of counterfactual thinking. The implications of this concept have been subjects of in terest to many researchers due to the theory’s real world application. For example, the American judicial system relies on the practice of a trial by jury; this is a process in which jurors are given the responsibility of calculating whether a person is to blame for the crime with which they have been charged with. Counterfactual thinking can have a significant role in a jury’s deliberation process because jurors may assign more blame if they reason that the choices of a negligent defendant may haveShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesWorking in Networked Organizations 20 †¢ Helping Employees Balance Work–Life Conflicts 21 †¢ Creating a Positive Work Environment 22 †¢ Improving Ethical Behavior 22 Coming Attractions: Developing an OB Model 23 An Overview 23 †¢ Inputs 24 †¢ Processes 25 †¢ Outcomes 25 Summary and Impli cations for Managers 30 S A L Self-Assessment Library How Much Do I Know About Organizational Behavior? 4 Myth or Science? â€Å"Most Acts of Workplace Bullying Are Men Attacking Women† 12 An Ethical Choice Can You Learn fromRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesHow Creative Are You ? 169 Innovative Attitude Scale 171 Creative Style Assessment 172 SKILL LEARNING 174 Problem Solving, Creativity, and Innovation 174 Steps in Analytical Problem Solving 174 Defining the Problem 174 Generating Alternatives 176 Evaluating Alternatives 176 Implementing the Solution 177 Limitations of the Analytical Problem-Solving Model 178 Impediments to Creative Problem Solving 178 Multiple Approaches to Creativity 179 Conceptual Blocks 183 Percy Spencer’s Magnetron 185 Spence Silver’sRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesthat is sold to students). (3) No Derivative Works You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. An earlier version of the book was published by Wadsworth Publishing Company, Belmont, California USA in 1993 with ISBN number 0-534-17688-7. When Wadsworth decided no longer to print the book, they returned their publishing rights to the original author, Bradley Dowden. The current version has been significantly revised. If you would like to suggest changes to the text, the author would appreciate

The Handsomest Drowned Man in the World - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1212 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/09/15 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? Sea Imagery The Handsomest Drowned Man in the World is full of sea imagery, from the title on forward. When the dead body first approaches the shore, the kids playing think he is a whale; then, a ship. He even looks like some sort of funky sea monster: when [his body] washed up on the beach, they removed the clumps of seaweed, the jellyfish tentacles, and the remains of fish and flotsam, and only then did they see that it was a drowned man (1). And shortly after, were told that he had the smell of the sea about him and only his shape gave one to suppose that it was the corpse of a human being, because the skin was covered with a crust of mud and scales (2). The women use a sail to make him a shirt. They suppose that, if he were alive, he would have had so much authority that he could have drawn fish out of the sea simply by calling their names (4). And later they imagine his soft, pink, sea lion hands as hes stretched out like a sperm whale (7, 11). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Handsomest Drowned Man in the World" essay for you Create order What we see is that the drowned man is an object of the sea. He comes from it at the start of the story, and he is returned at the end to the sea, where the fish are blind and the divers die of nostalgia (9). The connection between the drowned man and the sea highlights his role as an almost supernatural figure of mythology. He doesnt quite belong in this world, our world. Mythology The drowned man represents any number of mythological or epic historical figures, and well go through them one by one. First off is the name the villagers assign him: Esteban. Who is this Esteban? As it turns out, Esteban is another name for Estevanico, a slave from the early 1500s who was supposedly the first man born in Africa to set foot in the Americas. Estevanico (or Esteban) became a legendary figure in Latin America, and was later given a set of incredible skills – he mastered dozens of languages, knew everything about medicine, was even considered by some to be a deity, or so the story goes. When the women of the village call the drowned man Esteban, they might very well be referring to this Estevanico. (At the end of the story, the women magine a captain speaking of Estebans village in fourteen languages (12). This may be a reference to the myth that Estevanico spoke so many languages fluently. ) When the oldest women calls the drowned man Esteban, Marquez writes that some of the younger women hoped it might be Lautaro. In the mid 1500s a war occurred in what today is Chile between the colonizing Spaniards and the native Mapuche people. In this conflict, Lautaro was a military leader of the natives. The drowned mans handsomeness and sheer masculinity inspires the young women to fantasize that he is this famed leader. There are some interesting questions to consider here: why is it that the older womens thoughts turn to the Esteban, while the younger women think of Lautaro? And why is it that, once they get a better look at the drowned man, everyone agrees that it is Esteban, rather than Lautaro? Many scholars have also pointed out that the drowned man is a shade of Quetzalcoatl, an Aztec god. The drowned man in many ways takes on the role of a deity for the villagers. He arrives from some other world (the sea), is essentially worshipped by the villagers, and permanently changes their lives. Mythology in this story isnt limited just to the drowned man. The entire tale is rooted in mythological history; even the villagers take on mythological roles themselves by the end of the narrative. When the women weep for the drowned man at his funeral, Marquez writes, Some sailors who heard weeping from a distance went off course and people heard of one who had himself tied to the mainmast, remembering ancient fables about sirens (12). This comment is an allusion to Greek mythology. Some background on the sirens. The sirens were half-women, half-bird creatures who lived on an island. They used to sing in beautiful voices to lure sailors off their course. The sailors would head towards the voices and then crash their ships on the jagged rocks, which pretty much meant death. When Odysseus was sailing by the sirens island, he made the rest of his men plug up their ears and tie him to the mainmast. This way, he got to hear the beautiful sound of their voices without being driven to suicide. Here in The Handsomest Drowned Man, the women weeping over Lautaro are compared to the sirens, and some sailor going by ties himself to the main mast in an attempt to mimic Odysseus. The point is that through the drowned man, the villagers enter the realm of the mythological themselves. The allusions to Esteban, Lautaro, Quetzalcoatl, and Odysseuss sirens illustrates the magical realism weve been mentioning. (If you havent read Genre yet, go ahead and take a look. ) The Handsomest Drowned Man in the World is exploring this mingling of the real (a little fishing village) with the mythological (a magnificent dead man). Flowers The first thing we hear about the village is that its made up of twenty-odd wooden houses that had stone courtyards with no flowers [†¦] on the end of a desertlike cape (3). Now jump to the womens speculations about the drowned mans abilities: He would have put so much work into his land that springs would have burst forth from among the rocks so that he would have been able to plant flowers on the cliffs (4). Immediately weve got contrast between the world of the villagers and that of the drowned man. His arrival is like a splash of color against their grey landscape. If the village is dry and colorless, the drowned man brings with him the possibility of lively springs and bright flowers. And sure enough, this possibility is soon realized. As the women prepare for the drowned mans funeral, they go to get flowers from neighboring villages. They return with other women who could not believe what they had been told, and those women went back for more flowers when they saw the dead man, and they brought more and more until there were so many flowers and so many people that it was hard to walk about (12). At the end of the story, notice the specific details of the villagers dream for a better future: They were going to paint their house fronts gay colors to make Estebans memory eternal and they were going to break their backs digging for springs mong the stones and planting flowers on the cliffs so that in future years at dawn the passengers on great liners would awaken, suffocated by the smell of gardens on the high seas. (12) This is a far cry from the desertlike cape we first met at the beginning of the story. The flowers touch on one of the major themes of Marquezs story: the ability of the truly great to inspire others to greatness. What does this have to do with flowers? Check out Whats Up with the Ending? Well pull it all together

Internet Cafe Business Plan Free Essays

The Integration of Computer in Manufacturing Business Executive Summary â€Å"Computer-integrated Manufacturing is the integration of total manufacturing enterprise by using integrated systems and data communication coupled with new managerial philosophies that improve organizational and personnel efficiency. † This is according to Erhums. This system helps to reduce problems regarding to the manufacturing of products with the help of the implementation of computers. We will write a custom essay sample on Internet Cafe Business Plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now This strategy helps to improve the performance of manufacturing. It is implemented to satisfy the needs and demands for a productivity enhancement and higher quality products with fewer errors in production process. This paper discusses about the help provided by the computer-integrated manufacturing in various business. It also states here the illustration of the key issues of the integration and adaptability of CIM. In addition, a new framework has been proposed in this paper for the design and implementation of CIM. Introduction Business has so many things to consider. And one of it is how will you increase efficiency and enhance productivity with fewer errors. Before, the only way to manufacture products is through manual approach wherein there is a possibility of wrongdoings which may lead to business failures. But since advanced technology has been developed, it will be a very big advantage in the field of manufacturing business. It focuses on producing products in its most favorable condition, and at the same time, guaranteeing high quality, low costs, high flexibility and even smaller production quantity. Computer-integrated Manufacturing (CIM) is concerned with the integration of the business, engineering and manufacturing processes of an enterprise. It helps the enterprise to achieve and maintain a competitive edge in the manufacturing marketplace. Over a period of time, factory owners have integrated computer systems in order to control the entire production process. This is done by taking the design, analysis, planning, purchasing, cost accounting, inventory control and distribution departments and interlink them with the factory floor, material handling, and management departments. This system will have an impact on every system within the factory. This paper focuses on the integration of computer in the manufacturing process. This is an area of significant importance of computer application which is inclined to the field of Information Technology in business. Literature Review According to the US National Research Council, CIM improves production productivity by 40 to 70 percent as well as enhances engineering productivity and quality. CIM can also decreases design costs by 15 to 3o percent, reduce overall lead time by 20 to 60 percent, and cut work-in-process inventory by 30 to 60 percent. Managers who use CIM believe that there is a direct relationship between the efficiency of information management and the efficiency and the overall effectiveness of the manufacturing enterprise. Thacker’s view is that many CIM programs focus attention on the efficiency of information management and the manufacturing machines, material transformation processes, manufacturing management process, and production facilities. Computer-integrated Manufacturing can be applied to manufacturing organizations by changing the manufacturing focus toward a service orientation. CIM and Job Definition Format (JDFF) are becoming increasingly beneficial to printing companies to streamline their production process. A better understanding of manager’s needs would help systems develop recognize the emerging opportunities for creative use of information technology, and implement necessary changes. Methodology Computer-integrated Manufacturing is the system used to describe the full automation of manufacturing plant, with all processes functioning under computer control and digital information on tying team together. This system was promoted by machine tool manufactures in the 1980’s and the society for Manufacturing Engineers. It is not the same as a â€Å"lights-out† factory wherein it will run completely independent of human intervention. The hearts of CIM are the Computer-aided design (CAD) and Computer-aided Manufacturing (CAM). These systems are essential in reducing cycle times in the organization. Functional requirements must be compared to the current inventory of systems and available technologies to identify the accessibility of the system. According to Jorgensen and Krause, there are techniques that is being used in satisfying system requirements which includes utilizing unused and available functional capabilities of current systems; identifying functional capabilities but not currently in house; recognizing state-of-the-art technology that is not immediately commercially available on a system; foreseeing functional capabilities of systems on the technical horizon; and identifying whether the requirement is beyond the capabilities of systems on the technical horizon. Study Computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) system is simply the manipulation of computers in manufacturing products or other activities where final products or other activities are the main concern of this system. CIM has a big role regarding to the development of a product concept that may exist in the marketing organization which includes product design and specification, commonly the responsibility of an engineering organization; and its extension through production into delivery and after-sales activities that reside in a field service or sales organization. CIM systems had come into view as an outcome of the developments in manufacturing and computer technology. This integrated computer aided manufacturing system, operates on both hardware and software. The software is simply what runs the factory or it is the brain of the factory. And the hardware is what makes the machine functions or run, or simply hardware is the muscle of the factory. These systems run on efficient output process. This means that the hardware and software works in the factory together. They should be not separated because as a unified unit, it operates for the peak benefit of the whole factory. CIM system divided every individual â€Å"center† of the factory into work cells. As work cells, they are then divided into individual stations. He stations are the broken down to the individual processes and this process are what metamorphosis that raw materials into actual product. It may sound interweaving, but it streamlines the whole manufacturing process. This also allows the operations to change any necessary things that should be altered to the system without shutting down the whole system. In this way, optimizing production and its good quality will be highly obtained. Analysis In spite of all the positive outcomes of the computer-integrated manufacturing system, there are also problems or key issues arose that needs to be ponder carefully such as the equipment incompatibility and difficulty of integration of protocols. The integration of different brand equipment controllers with robots, conveyors and supervisory controllers is a time-consuming task with a lot of pitfalls. In other words, the time required for software, hardware, communications and integration and large investment cannot be financially justified easily. Another problem is data integrity. Machines react clumsily to bad data and the costs of it upkeep as well as general information systems departmental costs is higher than in non-CIM facility. Another problem that evolved is to try to accomplish in programming extensive logic to be able to produce schedules and optimize part sequence. There is no human mind that is to put into place of this approach in reacting to a dynamic day0today manufacturing schedule and changing priorities. On the other hand, integrated manufacturing is neither a universal remedy nor should it be embraced as a religion. It is an operational and tool that if executed and used properly will provide a new dimension to competing. Eventually, it will introduce quickly new customaries high quality products and delivering them with unprecedented lend times, swift decisions, and manufacturing products with high velocity. Conclusions and Recommendations Computer is one of the models of the information and communication technologies in manufacturing. There are factors which are involved when it comes to the CIM implementation and this includes production volume, in order to make the integration, the experiences of the company or personnel is highly concerned also the level of the integration into the product itself and the integration of the production process. When a company wants to integrate the computer into their business, they must be careful in starting manipulating this system for this undergoes a complex process. Computers, made an enormous impact regarding on the speed and accuracy of the production process. With the help of this system, it is now accessible to create high quality outcomes in just a short period of time and it is hustle-free and less effort not like in the previous tomes, it would have taken a number of days to make the same products with no assurance that they would all be able to have the same quantity and quality. Computer-integrated manufacturing is a very interactive and hands on system. If it is applied appropriately, it will surely increase efficiency and enhance productivity with fewer errors to the whole factory. References http://www. computerintegratedfacturing . com/ How to cite Internet Cafe Business Plan, Essay examples

Peter Drucker free essay sample

Peter Drucker is considered the founding father of modern management. How did he influence the business of management? Discuss the benefits of Management by Objectives; discuss the criticisms. Peter Drucker influenced the business of management by being the first person to as he wrote, depict management as a distinct function, managing as specific work, and being a manager as a distinct responsibility. Mr. Drucker is also credited with creating the management consulting industry. For more than half a century, he was consultant to some of the largest corporations in the US, Drucker directly influenced a huge number of leaders from a wide range of organizations across all sectors of society. Among the many: General Electric, IBM, Intel, Procter Gamble, Girl Scouts of the USA, The Salvation Army, Red Cross, United Farm Workers and several presidential administrations. To leaders, students, and admirers everywhere, he is `the father of modern management and `the man who invented corporate America. We will write a custom essay sample on Peter Drucker or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page According to Forbes magazine. His ideas, expressed in countless books, made management a subject worth studying. He saw the task of modern management as making people capable of joint performance, to make their strengths effective and their weaknesses irrelevant. Peter Starbuck The Guardian. According to George Odiome who was one of Mr Duckers student , MBO is a process whereby superior and subordinate managers of an Organization jointly define its common goal, define each individuals major areas of responsibility in terms of results expected of him and use these measures as guides for operating the unit and assessing the contribution of each of its members. The MBO concept was popularized by Peter Drucker it is the most widely acceptable philosophy of management today. It is a demanding and rewarding style of management which is closely connected with the concept of planning. The Benefits of MBO (management by objectives) are; MOB ensures better and more effective management it forces management to think of planning for results, rather than merely planning activities. MBO force managers to think how the objectives can be achieved and what resources would be required. MBO provides the standards of control. MBO elicits peoples commitment for performance. MBO results clarification in organizational roles, structure and responsibilities of individuals for achieving the goals. MBO reveals organizational deficiencies such as overlapping of authority, ineffective delegation and communication. MBO helps in the areas of employee motivation, high morale, effective and purposeful leadership The Criticism of MBO (management by objectives) are; MBO is time consuming, increases paperwork e. g. training manuals, newsletters, instruction booklets and questioners. MBO has organizational problems creates more problems than it can solve. MBO develops conflicting objectives, sometimes an individuals goal my come in conflict with those of another e. g. marketing mangers goals for high sales turnover may find no support from the production managers goal for production with least cost. Under these circumstances individuals follow paths that are best in their own interest but which are detrimental to the company. MBO problems of Co-ordination, managers may face problems of measuring objectives when the objectives are not clear and realistic. MBO lacks durability the first few rounds of MBO are motivating later it tends to become old hat. New opportunities are lost because of individuals adhere to rigidly to established goals.