Forenisic Review Questions Essay

Review Questions 1. What are the three types of fingerprints found in the human population? How often does each occur? Loop, Whorl and Arch. Loop occurs in 60-65 percent of the population, Whorl occurs in 30-35 percent, and Arch only about 5 percent. 2. What is a medulla? What do forensic scientists use this for? A set of cells that runs through a hair. Forensic Scientists use this to distinguish animal hair from human hair. 3. What is a precipitin test? What is it used for? A precipitin test is a test to distinguish between animal and human blood. It is used to tell whether the blood found is from a human or animal. 4. What makes fingerprints individual? How do scientists match a fingerprint to a specific person? The individuality of fingerprints is due to ridge characteristics. They look for point-by-point comparisons in order to determine whether two fingerprints are the same. 5. How are fingerprints discovered at crime scenes? Devices like the RUVIS help to find fingerprints along with fingerprint powders. Critical Review Questions 1. Of the three types of physical evidence discussed in this module, which one do you think you would be most interested in working with in an investigation? Why? I think I would be most interested in working with blood. Working with blood would be interesting because you can gather a lot of information from the smallest of blood samples. Such as where the person was when the blood splattered from them and if it’s human or animal blood. 2. What do you think would be the most challenging aspect of collecting and analyzing hair samples? Why? I think the most challenging aspect of collecting and analyzing hair samples would be matching it to a particular person. I think this would be difficult because hair samples can vary in age and location. Plus studying hair is key because it can eliminate possible suspects based on its properties. Such as texture, length, color, and chemicals. 3. Why do you think forensic scientists study bloodstain patterns? What can be learned from them? Forensic scientists study bloodstain patterns to determine what took place at the crime scene. Things that can be learned is the direction the blood was traveling in, angle at  which the blood hit the surface, and it can help determine the spot where the blood came from. 4. Out of the types of evidence discussed in this module, which one do you think is the most important piece of evidence? Why? I think the most important piece of evidence is blood. Blood is the most important because it’s actual DNA that can link the exact person to a crime scene. Unlike hair blood is more reliable because it rules out other possible choices. 5. Why was the bite mark evidence so important in the Bundy case? If the case happened today, do you think investigators would have more information to work with? The bite mark evidence was so important because it was the only substantial piece of evidence that could prove Bundy committed the crimes. Investigators might have more information to work with maybe they would find fingerprints and hairs at the crime scenes with the proper equipment.

Life of Quaid E Azam After Independence

QUAID-E-AZAM’S LIFE AFTER THE INDEPENDENCE GOVERNOR-GENERAL: Jinnah became the first Governor-General of Pakistan and president of its constituent assembly. Inaugurating the assembly on August 11, 1947, Jinnah spoke of an inclusive and pluralist democracy promising equal rights for all citizens regardless of religion, caste or creed. This address is a cause of much debate in Pakistan as, on its basis, many claim that Jinnah wanted a secular state while supporters of Islamic Pakistan assert that this speech is being taken out of context when compared to other speeches by him.We should have a State in which we could live and breathe as free men and which we could develop according to our own lights and culture and where principles of Islamic social justice could find free play. The office of Governor-General was ceremonial, but Jinnah also assumed the lead of government. The first months of Pakistan’s independence were absorbed in ending the intense violence that had aris en in the wake of acrimony between Hindus and Muslims. Jinnah agreed with Indian leaders to uthoriz a swift and secure exchange of populations in the Punjab and Bengal.He visited the border regions with Indian leaders to calm people and encourage peace, and uthorize large-scale refugee camps. Despite these efforts, estimates on the death toll vary from around two hundred thousand, to over a million people. The estimated number of refugees in both countries exceeds 15 million. The then capital city of Karachi saw an explosive increase in its population owing to the large encampments of refugees, which personally affected and depressed Jinnah.In his first visit to East Pakistan, under the advice of local party leaders, Jinnah stressed that Urdu alone should be the national language; a policy that was strongly opposed by the Bengali people of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). This opposition grew after he controversially described Bengali as the language of Hindus. Jinnah uthorized force to achieve the annexation of the princely state of Kalat and suppress the insurgency in Baluchistan.He controversially accepted the accession of Junagadh—a Hindu-majority state with a Muslim ruler located in the Saurashtra peninsula, some 400 kilometres (250 mi) southeast of Pakistan—but this was annulled by Indian intervention. It is unclear if Jinnah planned or knew of the tribal invasion from Pakistan into the kingdom of Jammu and Kashmir in October 1947, but he did send his private secretary Khurshid Ahmed to observe developments in Kashmir.When informed of Kashmir’s accession to India, Jinnah deemed the accession illegitimate and ordered the Pakistani army to enter Kashmir. However, Gen. Auchinleck, the supreme commander of all British officers informed Jinnah that while India had the right to send troops to Kashmir, which had acceded to it, Pakistan did not. If Jinnah persisted, Auchinleck would remove all British officers from both sides. As Pakistan had a greater proportion of Britons holding senior command, Jinnah cancelled his order, but protested to the United Nations to intercede. The New AwakeningAs a result of Jinnah's ceaseless efforts, the Muslims awakened from what Professor Baker calls (their) â€Å"unreflective silence† (in which they had so complacently basked for long decades), and to â€Å"the spiritual essence of nationality† that had existed among them for a pretty long time. Roused by the impact of successive Congress hammerings, the Muslims, as Ambedkar (principal author of independent India's Constitution) says, â€Å"searched their social consciousness in a desperate attempt to find coherent and meaningful articulation to their cherished yearnings.To their great relief, they discovered that their sentiments of nationality had flamed into nationalism†. In addition, not only had they developed† the will to live as a â€Å"nation†, had also endowed them with a territory which they could occupy and make a State as well as a cultural home for the newly discovered nation. These two pre-requisites, as laid down by Renan, provided the Muslims with the intellectual justification for claiming a distinct nationalism (apart from Indian or Hindu nationalism) for themselves.So that when, after their long pause, the Muslims gave expression to their innermost yearnings, these turned out to be in favor of a separate Muslim nationhood and of a separate Muslim state. Demand for Pakistan –  Ã¢â‚¬Å"We are a nation† â€Å"We are a nation†, they claimed in the ever eloquent words of the Quaid-i-Azam. â€Å"We are a nation with our own distinctive culture and civilization, language and literature, art and architecture, names and nomenclature, sense of values and proportion, legal laws and moral code, customs and calendar, history and tradition, aptitudes and ambitions; in short, we have our own distinctive outlook on life and of life.By all canons of inter national law, we are a nation†. The formulation of the Muslim demand for Pakistan in  1940  had a tremendous impact on the nature and course of Indian politics. On the one hand, it shattered for ever the Hindu dreams of a pseudo-Indian, in fact, Hindu empire on British exit from India: on the other, it heralded an era of Islamic renaissance and creativity in which the Indian Muslims were to be active participants. The Hindu reaction was quick, bitter, malicious.Equally hostile were the British to the Muslim demand, their hostility having stemmed from their belief that the unity of India was their main achievement and their foremost contribution. The irony was that both the Hindus and the British had not anticipated the astonishingly tremendous response that the Pakistan demand had elicited from the Muslim masses. Above all, they failed to realize how a hundred million people had suddenly become supremely conscious of their distinct nationhood and their high destiny.In chan nelling the course of Muslim politics towards Pakistan, no less than in directing it towards its consummation in the establishment of Pakistan in  1947, non played a more decisive role than did Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah. It was his powerful advocacy of the case of Pakistan and his remarkable strategy in the delicate negotiations, that followed the formulation of the Pakistan demand, particularly in the post-war period, that made Pakistan inevitable. ILLNESS AND DEATH: The Funeral of Jinnah in 1948. Tomb of M. A.Jinnah in Karachi, Pakistan Through the 1940s, Jinnah suffered from tuberculosis; only his sister and a few others close to him were aware of his condition. In 1948, Jinnah’s health began to falter, hindered further by the heavy workload that had fallen upon him following Pakistan’s independence from British Rule. Attempting to recuperate, he spent many months at his official retreat in Ziarat. According to his sister, he suffered a hemorrhage on Septem ber 1, 1948; doctors said the altitude was not good for him and that he should be taken to Karachi. Jinnah was flown back to Karachi from Quetta.Jinnah died at 10:20 p. m. at the Governor-General’s House in Karachi on 11 September 1948, just over a year after Pakistan’s independence. It is said that when the then Viceroy of India, Lord Louis Mountbatten, learned of Jinnah’s ailment he said ‘had they known that Jinnah was about to die, they’d have postponed India’s independence by a few months as he was being inflexible on Pakistan’. Jinnah was buried in Karachi. His funeral was followed by the construction of a massive mausoleum—Dina Wadia remained in India after independence, before ultimately settling in New York City.Jinnah’s grandson, Nusli Wadia, is a prominent industrialist residing in Mumbai. In the 1963–1964 elections, Jinnah’s sister Fatima Jinnah, known as Madar-e-Millat (â€Å"Mother of the Natio n†), became the presidential candidate of a coalition of political parties that opposed the rule of President Ayub Khan, but lost the election. The Jinnah House in Malabar Hill, Bombay, is in the possession of the Government of India but the issue of its ownership has been disputed by the Government of Pakistan.Jinnah had personally requested Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru to preserve the house and that one day he could return to Mumbai. There are proposals for the house be offered to the Government of Pakistan to establish a consulate in the city, as a goodwill gesture, but Dina Wadia has also laid claim to the property. Recently she has been involved in litigation regarding Jinnah House claiming that Hindu Law is applicable to Jinnah as he was a Khoja Shia. LEGACY: Few individuals significantly alter the course of history.Fewer still modify the map of the world. Hardly anyone can be credited with creating a nation-state. Muhammad Ali Jinnah did all three. Pakistanis view Jinnah as their revered founding father, a man that was dedicated to safeguarding Muslim interests during the dying days of the British Raj. Despite any of a range of biases, it almost impossible to doubt, despite motive and manner, that there is any figure that had more influence and role in the creation of Pakistan than Jinnah. The End

Land Reform Essay

I. Land reform and Agrarian Reform Land reform or mainly called â€Å"Land redistribution†. It mainly refers to the right of owning a land. Meanwhile, Agrarian Reform is much broader than land reform. It refers to changes that are made in the land tenure system. It covers issues such as, â€Å"who owns or does not own land†, how land is used or who shares to the products of the land†. It also pertains to land productivity and rate of agricultural development 2. Land redistribution There is a so-called land-ownership and landlord class (upperclass/owners of land) receives rent from tenants such as farmers. Large landed estates are expropriated by the state authority. These lands are then broken into small farms and distribute it to farmers. As distribution to farmers occur, gov’t will come in between to pay the landlords for the farmers. The NEW landowners has to find a means of paying the installment to the gov’t who took place in paying the landlords. 3. Philippine Land reform CAR – Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Republic Act 6657 in 1988 and ended last 2008. An act instituting a comprehensive agrarian reform program to promote social justice and industrialization, providing the mechanism for its implementation, and for other purposes Definitions 1. Agrarian Reform – Distribution of land, regardless of crops and fruits produced, to farmers and farmworkers who are landless to help lift the economic status of the beneficiaries. 2. Agricultural Land – Land devoted to agricultural activities. Minerals, forest, residential, commercial or industrial lands are not included. 3. Farmer – Primary livelihood is cultivation of land or production of agricultural crops. 4. Farmworker – Render service as a laborer or employee in an agricultural enterprise or farm POLICIES * Every state should pursue a Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP). Landless farmers and farmworkers will receive the highest consideration to promote social justice and to move the nation towards development and industrialization. * Distribution and ownership of lands shall take place to provide farmers and farmworkers with the opportunity to enhance and improve their quality of life. * CARP is founded on the rights of landless farmers and farmworkers to own directly or collectively the lands they till or, to receive a just share of fruits thereof. * The state shall encourage and undertake the districution of all agricultural lands, subject to the priorities set by this act. Nevertheless, the state shall respect the rights of small landowners and shall provide incentives for land-sharing. CARPER – Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program Extension with Reforms Bill Republic Act 9700 An act strengthening the comprehensive agrarian reform program (CARP,), extending the acquisition and distribution of all agricultural lands, instituting necessary reforms, amending for the purpose certain provision of republic act no. 6657, and appropriating funds therefor. Some of the amendments are; 1. CARPER primarily extends the redistribution of lands for 5 years.   2. It also redefines the scope and some definitions in CAR 3. In Sec. 18, the CARPER also mandates that all land reform cases must be under the jurisdiction of the DAR except for cases falling under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Department of Agriculture and the DENR. Only the Supreme Court has jurisdiction to issue any restraining order or writ of preliminary injuction against the Presidential Agrarian Reform Council (PARC), the DAR, and other related agencies on agrarian reform cases. 4. A new Congressional Oversight Committee on Agrarian Reform (COCAR) is also created by virtue of the CARPER, composed of the Chairpersons of the Agrarian Reform Committees of both Houses and three members each from the Upper and Lower House, to be designated respectively by the Senate President and the House Speaker. 5. It also incorporates a new section into the existing CARL, Section 37-A, specifically mandating the inclusion of equal support services for rural women and the establishment of a women’s desk under the DAR. According to GMA news, Aquino stated that one of the ways in which CARPER will quickly be implemented is with a multi-stakeholders mechanism. They will be tasked to mnitor the implementation of the CARP specifically focusing on; 1. Coverage and distribution of agricultural land 2. Movement and performance of Department of Agrarian Reform personnel 3. Delivery support services to the beneficiaries, and 4. Budget allocation and utilization RA 9700 has allocated ate least P150 billion for the program which will be utilized to successfully complete the implementation of agrarian reform. Aquino and the land reform advocates adopted the commitment made by Interior Secretary Jesse Robredo during a meeting with the farmers last June 12, 2012. Robredo committed the government to: – work on a list of areas where there are CARPER enforcement issues, – review the PNP’s tasking and refer to the DOJ the proposed changes in 2009 guidelines, as it applies to DAR orders, – establish PNP outpost in critical areas where installed farmers are being harassed, and – establish a direct line of communication with the DILG. Sources: Sicat, G. (1983). Economics. NationalBook Store Publishers. Metro Manila Philippines. www.gmanetwork.com/news http://www.chanrobles.com/republicacts/republicactno9700.php http://www.chanrobles.com/republicacts/republicactno6657.html#.US8wcDAaNps

Aviation Information Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Aviation Information Technology - Essay Example Regional airlines cover only certain destinations in a specific region and do not have international flights. They are relatively smaller than national airlines and generate an income of between $20 million to $100 million in a year. This class is the fastest growing category since it covers most destinations that major airlines may choose to ignore and also offers the convenience as they do not have to stop at hubs for layovers. Low-cost carriers are those airlines that offer lower fares and fewer comforts as well. Since the fare tickets are relatively cheaper, the airlines may charge for extra services in the planes to make up for the revenue lost through decreased fares. Services such as seat allocating, baggage and food may be charged separately. Non-EU airlines are those that are not registered in the European Union, but still operate in their airports. Airlines play different roles in various industries. The travel and tourism industry is the highest recipient of airline services since they work very closely together. The travel and tourism industry depends on the air travel to provide services to their customers. Airlines are responsible for the provision of mass and fast transportation of passengers between countries while ensuring standardized, safe and economic conditions are observed. Airlines also play an imperative role in driving the global economy. This is because of the greatly reduced time of travel which enables businesses to operate in a fast and more convenient way without wasting time waiting for raw materials or delivering goods to consumers. Presently, airlines are one of the most frequent users of the internet in their daily operations. Ticket sales makeup the largest portion of all online sales. Airlines were among the earliest practitioners of e-commerce and have benefitted the most from the adoption of e-commerce as compared to other industries (Yang 2001:1), with revenues increasing and costs reducing dramatically.

Logistics Management and Transportation System Dissertation

Logistics Management and Transportation System - Dissertation Example In this scenario, several facets of an organisation such as leadership, production, transportation, strategy, management, logistics, human resource, and other similar elements are being studied by scholars in order to further clarify and understand how developments of these factors contribute to the achievement of the goals of the organisation. Recognising the broad spectrum of concerns in organisations and its management, this research will delve on the connection between logistics and transportation management. In the global economic market, the role of transportation is critical. Since, aside from being a sector on its own, it is an integral section of the organisation that is tasked with the ‘actual’ physical distribution of the finished product to the client or to the warehouse (Samanarayanake and Toncich, 2007). Within the organisation, transportation management falls within the broad functions of logistics management (Langevin and Riopel, 2005, p. 2). Since, logis tics is â€Å"that part of the supply chain process that plans, implements and controls the efficient and effective forward and reverse flow of storage of goods, services and related information between the point of origin and the point of consumption in order to meet customers’ requirements† (Council of Logistics Management, 2003). Meanwhile, transportation system is the scheme used to reach the point of origin to the point of consumption and vice-versa. In this sense, it is essential that the transportation system be aligned with logistics management in order to minimise costs and satisfy the requirements of the clients. 1.1. Background of the Study Transportation is crucial in logistics because, it is the lifeblood of logistics. Since without proper transit, materials... In this chapter, the analysis of the concepts necessary for clarifying and understanding the connection between logistics and transportation will be carried out. Likewise, in this chapter, various organizational processes and the developments in ICT will also be looked into as logistics, transportation, and their relationship is clarified. In order to achieve this ends, a library research has been conducted to search for scholarly materials that have dealt with the same topic. Through this approach, the literature review presents not only the current discourses relevant to the subject matter of the research, but it also serves as the foundation in which the concepts of the topic are to be clarified and comprehended. In this regard, the discussion and elucidation in this chapter are all drawn from the gathered secondary materials. The literature review will be divided into four parts. The first section will be dealing with the notion of the relationship between logistics and transportation and on how it adds value to the company. This question is important because it zeroes in on the apparent benefits and advantages that are resulting from the ‘connection between logistics and transportation’. Furthermore, it seeks to provide concrete evidence that will assist in determining the clearer perspective of these concepts. The second section of the literature review will tackle the effect of some organizational activities that have an impact on the productivity in the logistics department and transportation system.

Intellectual property Master Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Intellectual property Master - Essay Example How far can these innovations be protected from being illegally copied The justification on part of the innovator from stopping its innovations or products from being replicated in some other form needs to be debated both on ethical and moral grounds. This argument is particularly common and debated in the pharmaceutical sector. The scope of such protection covers a gamut of industries, professions and products. We shall restrict the scope of this study to the copyright laws, internet sector and particularly focus on the music industry. Bainbridge (2002) describes intellectual property rights as a form of property that can be dealt with just as with any other property, and which can be assigned, mortgaged and licensed. Intellectual property is property in the legal sense: it is something that can be owned and dealt with. Looking at this definition, as suggested by Bainbridge, one can observe that the properties rights do not just include rights associated with land or buildings or any other assets that carries the physical characteristics of a "land-building" asset form. Intellectual property gives rise to rights and duties. It establishes property rights, which give the owner the right to do certain things in relation to the subject matter. Bainbridge, in his study, supports this argument with an example relating to the music industry - if the right is a copyright and the subject matter is a piece of music, the owner of the copyright has the exclusive right to make copies of the sheet music, to make an arrangement of the music and to control the performance of the music unless until he surrenders that right to some music label company. According to the government-backed UK - Intellectual Rights, intellectual property (IP) allows people to own their creativity and innovation in the same way that they can own physical property. The owner of IP can control and be rewarded for its use, and this encourages further innovation and creativity to the benefit of us all.1 It is essential to protect innovations from being illegally copied or pirated. Such guarantee of protection to innovations and inventions will encourage further innovative research and development and also reward entrepreneurs and innovators for their discovery. The protections come in the form of law and legal proceedings. 1.2 Intellectual Property Law. Bently and Sherman (2001) defines intellectual property law as a means to regulate the creation, use and exploitation of mental or creative labour. Intellectual Prop

Relection Portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Relection Portfolio - Essay Example Some of the aspects are given importance in schools are active listening, asking questions, helping others by responding to their needs, sharing knowledge and finding what others think and share each other’s view points. The basic idea behind this is to create a healthy mutual understanding behind the team members so that strong team can be developed. In doing so, each and every students become aware of the factors which are required to build a strong team. The author then goes on to discuss the main idea behind doing these activities. She says that by doing this the students develop a sense of inter-dependence. This is very essential for building up a team. There are two types of interdependence. Goal interdependence where the group members can only achieve their goals when each and every team members have achieved their’s and resource interdependence where the each of the member need the resources of each and every member to complete the task assigned to them. In this article the author talks about building up one’s self confidence. He start the article in a very interesting manner by stating that even confident people make mistakes but the difference lies in the fact that they are more focused on their strength and ten to neglect their weakness. We should not get confused by affirmations as they attempt to fool the mind in thinking and believing something that we are not. Thus a person might be fooled to believe into something which is not in reality. So the main idea behind building up the self confidence to be aware of our strengths and stay focused on them. In this case, we should also focus on building up a good level of concentration because when person has a strong concentration; it becomes difficult to divert him or her from their path. Several methods of building up their self confidence have been discussed in the later part of the article. The author says that self confidence is more like a set

Realisms Depiction of International Relations Essay

Realisms Depiction of International Relations - Essay Example Therefore, in entering any agreement with any country, a state is always aware of the likelihood of cheating and the potential comparative gain that might result from the arrangement (Simpson 2001). Due this fear, courtiers must act to safeguard their interest so that in case of partners’ noncompliance with the bilateral or multilateral agreement, the state is not exposed to economic or security risks (Grieco 1999). Such a move should not translate into limiting cooperation with other states, but as a measure that will protect the country from exploitation by its partners. Realism has also developed to accommodate new trends that characterize international relations. Economic globalization has made it a must for cooperation as opposed to isolation of country from outside influence. Industrialized countries have been able to reap a lot of benefit due to this improved cooperation with other states (Jackson & Sorensen 2007). Such cooperation has become apparent especially with co untries like USA, which traditional follows the realist ideology to increase its interaction with others for greater influence and economic gains. Although globalization has made cooperation among countries inevitable, different countries do not trade on the same platform. Some countries benefit more than the other does in any international agreement. Since every country is serving its interest in the agreement, some countries are bound to gain more than the others do, as is mostly the case when developed countries trade with third world countries. Developed countries use their superior economic and technological power to get cheap raw material from developing countries and then sale the processed... This essay stresses that international organization presented by liberal institutionalism cannot stop countries from acting according to the balance of power system, calculating how each of their moves affects their relative position in the in global arena where stiff completion is the order of the day. Realists argue that international institutions cannot provide a muscular and timely response to aggression by power hungry states. A good example of this is the Syrian case where the government has taken part in the bombing of civilian habitats killing many yet the international institutions could not move in to stop the killing. Another key example of failure for liberal institutionalism to depict international relations is the failure of international institutions to act on the threat that North Korea’s accumulation of nuclear energy post to international security. Therefore, countries protect their interests by trusting in their own power and not on an international authorit y This paper makes a conlusion that international relations are guided by the need of states to get the best out of its interactions with other states. To achieve this, states will seek to protect their economic interests and further their influence in the international politics. The failure of international institutions to be tough on aggressive states has increased the need for countries to act in their best interest due to the stiff competition in international politics and economy. Only the established balance of power can dictate how far a state can advance its interests.

From a social psychological perspective, what is stereotyping and how Essay

From a social psychological perspective, what is stereotyping and how does it operate - Essay Example According to the second premise of the continuum model proposed by the authors, â€Å"ease of information fit between category and attribute determines the processes people use,† i.e. categorization or individuation (p.237). Attribute-oriented process is launched in case the target does not fit into the perceiver’s category and confirmation categorization shows itself as unsuccessful. Further individuation is done through re-categorization of the target. Re-categorization occurs through subcategorizing, usage of exemplars or creation of new categories. If the target continues being incompatible with the perceiver’s categories, piecemeal, attribute-by-attribute analysis occurs. However, this is done only in case the perceiver has sufficient time, attentional resources and motivation. The initial categorization process is an automatic perceptual process, while the rest of processes – confirmation categorization, re-categorization and piecemeal integration â €“ are thoughtful, reflective ones. Our experience is coded in our nervous system. This makes us act and react automatically, repeating once learnt reactions again and again. The category filter of individual’s perceptions makes us perceive only selected information. We see what we are focused on, registering positive comments on those we like, negative comments on those we dislike and ignoring the rest. Further, we organize and interpret information following the usual scheme. This automatic perception leads to a number of perceptual errors. Self-fulfilling prophecy (â€Å"behaviour confirmation effect†) and halo-effect (â€Å"cognitive confirmation effect†) are the two widely spread perceptual errors. Self-fulfilling prophecy is about acting according to our beliefs as if they are true. The cognitive confirmation effect takes place when we interact with a person at a distance. Then our

Short story- A Clean, Well lighted Place Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Short story- A Clean, Well lighted Place - Essay Example The younger waiter is very busy in his life and does not consider anything missing from his life and considers it to be complete. On the other hand, the older waiter believes that his life has emptiness and he actually is able to relate to the old man who is sitting in the cafà ©. It can be analyzed that religion serves to be a ray of light in many people’s lives and it is missing from the lives of the two old men that is the waiter as well as the old customer. This is because they both are seeking for light and consider the illuminated surroundings of the cafà © to be helpful in overcoming the darkness of their lives. The older waiter portrays the emptiness in his life as well as the lives of many in these words:"With all those who do not want to go to bed. With all those who need a light for the night." In these words, he explains to the younger waiter that he wants to keep the cafà © open till late night so that people who have an emptiness in their life and do not seek religion as a refuge can also come and sit here because the darkness of the world and their life haunts them as it does not possess any purpose for them. It also explains that there are many people in this world who seek for a true reason in their life and that religion does not serve that purpose. The deafness of the old man portrays the truth that he has a shortcoming in his life and his in satisfaction with his life despite of the fact that he has money and his attempt to commit suicide give a clear picture that he does not believe in religion. These realities about his life also explain his lack of interest in the life of this world because he does not consider it to possess any purpose. Thus Hemingway has used the old man to convey a message that 80 years of his life along with his experience have taught him the meaning that religion is not actually a true light and path that a person should seek. It is a rather a

Sample Paper for Propositional Arguments Essay Example for Free

Sample Paper for Propositional Arguments Essay In this paper, I will analyze the following argument in terms of validity and soundness: An argument is a syllogism only if it is valid. An argument has a true conclusion, if it is valid. If an argument has consistent premises, then it has a true conclusion. Thus, if an argument is a syllogism, then it has a true conclusion. As we shall soon learn, this argument is valid but unsound. I begin my analysis by providing a dictionary and putting the argument in standard logical form. Here is my dictionary. Let ‘S’ stand for ‘an argument is a syllogism’ Let ‘V’ stand for ‘an argument is valid’ Let ‘C’ stand for ‘an argument has a true conclusion’ Let ‘P’ stand for the premises are consistent’ Here is the argument in standard logical form. S→V P→C V→C S→C This argument is valid. My proof for validity can be found in my appendix at the end of the paper. [And no, I am not going to provide an appendix for a sample paper]. Now that we know that the argument is valid, let us examine each statement in the argument. The first premise is S→V. This states that if an argument is a syllogism, then it is valid. This is false. An argument could be a syllogism yet be invalid. A syllogism is an argument that has two premises and a conclusion; but such an argument can be valid or invalid. Some poodles are dogs Some elephants are not dogs No elephants are poodles This argument is a syllogism yet it still has an invalid form. [No, you don’t have to prove the form is invalid; but you better be correct] The second premise is P→C. This states that if the premises are consistent, then the argument has a true conclusion. This premise is false. If the premises are consistent, then there is an interpretation where they are all true. But we know nothing about the conclusion. P1 P2 P3 C : : : : T T T F ; ; ; ; In this truth table, we see that our premise are consistent. There is an interpretation where all three are true. But in this interpretation, the conclusion is false. So, the argument is actually invalid. ( This is a relatively abstract truth table. You could also use a concrete example such as this: AvB A . B This argument has consistent premises but it is invalid. You will want to present both the argument and a truth table. Don’t make the reader guess what are the premises and conclusion from the table itself. Present the argument) The third premise is V→C. This states that if an argument is valid, then it has a true conclusion. This is false. A valid argument can have a false conclusion. All dogs are cats Some mice are dogs Some mice are cats As we can see from this example, a valid argument can have a false conclusion but only it if also has false premises. Finally, let us examine the conclusion: S→C. This states that if an argument is a syllogism, then it has a true conclusion. This also is false. A syllogism can have either a true or false conclusion. Here is an example of a syllogism with a false conclusion. Some mice are cats Some mammals are mice No mammals are cats A sound argument has both a valid form and true premises. While our argument had the valid form, it also had false premises. Thus, our argument is valid but unsound.

Aspects of schooling Essay Example for Free

Aspects of schooling Essay Society is regularly called upon to make ethical judgments related to all aspects of schooling. These considerations of right and wrong are made when creating the school curriculum, practicing teaching and learning methods, and budget issues. Education is a vital part of society in which everyone plays a role. It is not only the role of parents and teachers to support a child’s education, but also the role of the whole society to provide a structure of living that supports what is being taught. The purpose of education is to provide a way for others to learn. However, the motive of learning can vary. Some people may learn out of pure interest, whereas others may learn to be able to function in society by getting a job. Education can occur in any environment where there is a will to learn. Furthermore, learning is not dependent on a teacher or any institute but can also occur as self-learning. The best teaching methods are always those that are chosen by the student, not the teacher. Many students prefer learning methods in which they can apply their knowledge practically. Students learn effectively through hands-on experience. Apart from this, any exposure that can be provided to students of their area of study also helps the student learn their role and their future job within the society. Such exposure can be provided through field trips or inviting professionals related to the students’ field of study to address the students. Support can also be provided to studen ts through alumni groups and career counselors. In this way, the purpose of education and method of education depends largely on the learner or student, not the teacher or institute. There are two main roles that schools play. The first role is towards their students. This is the relationship that the school maintains with its students. The other role is towards society. This includes the school’s participation in public activities such as fund-raising, organizing public events, or participation in any public demonstrations. The role of schools towards society also includes how schools prepare their students to be better members of the society. We must realize here that the latter role of schools, namely that of allowing its students to be better members of society, is not the sole responsibility of the schools. It is true that we usually look upon the teacher and other school officials as the educational leader, role model, and decision-maker towards a child’s education. This is an unfortunate fact because teachers can never teach everything to students. Unfortunately, parents often use educational institutes as a way of neglecting their child. Many parents may show love and support for their child by admitting them to an expensive school. However, this has a negative effect when parents think that they can pay others to keep their child happy and educate them properly. Parents and society as a whole must take responsibility by helping students towards being better human beings. Communication and the ability to speak freely are also involved in this area. Teachers, parents and students must be willing to communicate with each other and discuss ways to improve the level of education. The learning community is not just restricted to students, teachers, and school authorities. The student must never feel intimidated of approaching others and speaking freely, whether it is to a teacher, parent, or anyone else they may encounter in their everyday life. The school curriculum should firstly include that material which will be most useful to the student. If the curriculum deviates from what the student wants to learn then the student will quickly lose interest. In general education, the curriculum should be as vast as possible to allow students to learn about different subjects. In contrast, any curriculum of a specific subject or catering to a specific profession such as art, science or business should be more focused and practical in terms of helping the student later in their career. However, all curricula should also provide a basic level of education such as English and other life skills subjects that will help the student function more effectively within society. Learning should occur in an environment that is healthy not just physically but also mentally and socially. Physical conditions do play a role towards how well the students learn. When teaching a large group of students the room must be well ventilated and be large enough to accommodate the students comfortably. These types of situations normally arise during school lectures or assemblies. However, it is absolutely crucial that every student also receives some individual attention. This can be done either by making the classes smaller so there are less students per teacher or arranging a schedule in which each student is allowed to have individual meetings with the teacher. It is the purpose of teachers and institutes to teach relevant material effectively. Everyone learns differently for different reasons. To teach successfully, teachers must first learn about their students. They must assess what interests their student, why the student is attending their class, and how they can help the student learn. Teachers must act as tools of education and be approachable. References: Ballantine, Jeanne H. (1989). Schools And Society. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Karabel, Jerome and A.H. Halsey. (1977). Power And Ideology In Education. New York, NY: Oxford University Press Lazerson, Marvin. (1987). American Education In The Twentieth Century. New York, NY: Teachers College Press Levine, David A. (2002). Building Classroom Communities: Strategies For Developing A Culture Of Caring. Bloomington, IN: Solution Tree Mayer, Susan E and Paul E. Peterson. (1999). Earning And Learning: How Schools Matter. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press Mendler, Allen N. (2000). Motivating Students Who Dont Care: Successful Techniques For Educators. Bloomington, IN: Solution Tree

Lab Experiment to Identify Unknown Compound

Lab Experiment to Identify Unknown Compound Abstract. The purpose of this experiment was to identify the unknown compound. The tests that were done to determine the identity of the compound include qualitative solubility tests, quantitative solubility tests, measuring solution conductivity, anion and cation test, flame test, and formation of precipitate. It was found that the compound had no smell, was soluble in water, and not soluble in toluene and acetone. The ions dissociated in the water, creating conductivity. When the ammonia test was performed no ammonia smell was produced. The flame test yielded a color that matched that of sodium bicarbonate indicating that the unknown compound contained sodium. The anion test for chloride proved to be positive, resulting in the summation that the unknown compound was sodium chloride. Introduction The group is employed by an Environmental Protection Agency to indentify a compound in the landfill in your home town. The group must also discover as many chemical and physical properties of the compound as we can. We need to devise two syntheses of the compound, and compare them for cost effectiveness, safety, and potential yield of the compound. To identify the compound, the physical properties (smell, color, and state) need to be established. Next, the qualitative solubility of the compound was tested in water, toluene, and acetone, which would determine whether the compound would dissolve from rain water or other chemicals that may be present in the landfill and create runoff. Conductivity was also tested with a voltmeter in order to determine whether or not the compound would be dangerous when dissolved in water. If the compound was conductive it would dissolve in water and produce an electric current. The flame test was performed to specify one of the elements. A solution of w ater and the element was used to place the nichrome wire in, and then the nichrome wire is placed into the flame. If the flame produces a color it is indicative of a certain metalloid ion or metal. A color is produced in the flame when the heat of the flame changes the metal ions into atoms which then become excited and produce light that can be seen with the naked eye. It is also important to analyze the presence of certain cations and anions using tests that identify the presence of the anions chloride and sulfate, and the presence of the cation ammonium. The anion tests for chloride and sulfate prove to be positive when a white precipitate forms and the ammonium test proves to be positive when an ammonium smell is produced. After all of the physical and chemical tests were performed, a solution of the unknown compound and a solution of what was deduced to be unknown compound were reacted with an acid (nitric acid), a base (potassium hydroxide), silver nitrate, potassium sulfate, and potassium nitrate in order to determine if they produce the same results. Gravimetric filtration was then performed with the known and unknown substance. A precipitate was formed using silver nitrate, which could then be weighed. After the filtration process, the unknown compound was then synthesized to produce a percent yield. Results TABLE 1 Physical Properties Test Color White State of Matter Solid Odor None Solubility in Water Soluble Conductivity 0.35 volts TABLE 2 Anion Tests Tests Performed Results Test for Chloride White Precipitate Formed Test for Sulfate No Reaction Test for Nitrate No Brown Ring Test for Carbonate Clear Test for Acetate Clear, Odorless TABLE 3 Cation Tests Tests Performed Reaction Results Test for Ammonium NH4Cl + NaOH Ã   Ammonium Smell No Odor Flame Test Bright Orange/Yellow Flame Sodium TABLE 4 Reaction Tests Type of Reaction Balanced Equation Reaction Acid NaCl(aq) + HNO3(aq) -> NaNO3(aq) + HCl (aq) None Base NaCl(aq) + KOH(aq) -> NaOH(aq) + KCl(aq) None Double Displacement NaCl (aq)+ AgNO3 (aq)-> AgCl (aq)+ NaO3(aq) Precipitate formed Double Displacement NaCl(aq) + K2SO4(aq) -> Na2SO4(aq) + 2 KCl(aq) None Double Displacement NaCl (aq) + KNO3(aq) -> NaNO3(aq) + KCl(aq) None TABLE 5 Gravimetric Analysis NaCl (aq) + AgNO3 (aq) -> AgCl (s) + NaNO3 (aq) Vacuum Filtration Trial # Amount of Precipitate Produced (grams) Percent Yield Known Trial 1 1.081 88.18 % Known Trial 2 1.196 97.56% Unknown Trial 1 1.211 98.78% Unknown Trial 2 1.185 96.66% Unknown Trial 3 1.170 95.44% TABLE 6 Synthesis Reaction Reaction Amount Produced (grams) Theoretical Yield (grams) Percent Yield HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq)Ã   NaCl (s) + H2O (l) 1.971 2 98.55% Discussion First, the physical properties of the unknown compound were observed and recorded. It was found that the compound was crystalline in structure, a solid, white, with no odor (Table 1). All of these properties suggest that the compound was ionic because ionic compounds do not have a distinct odor and are solid at room temperature because of their high melting points. The unknown compound was then tested for solubility in water, toluene and acetone. The compound was soluble in water, indicating the compound was a polar or ionic compound, and not soluble in toluene or acetone which eliminates it being polar or nonpolar. Therefore, this points to the compound being ionic. After the compound was dissolved in water, the conductivity was tested with a voltmeter, which produced a voltage of 0.35 volts proving that the substance is conductive since it is over 0.1 volts. This further proves that the unknown compound was ionic since only ionic compounds dissociate in water and create an electric current. The flame test was performed to determine one of the elements in the compound. Four known compounds, sodium bicarbonate, magnesium nitrate, calcium sulfate, and potassium nitrate were put under the flame test to compare the unknown to. When the unknown compound was put under the flame test it produced the same color as sodium bicarbonate, bright orange/yellow, indicating the presence of sodium (Table 3). The ammonium test was also performed to verify that the compound did not contain ammonia. No smell was produced when the unknown solution and sodium hydroxide were mixed, and a smell would indicate the presence of ammonia. Therefore, the compound was proven to contain sodium. When the anion tests for chloride and sulfate were performed, a white precipitate was produced from the chloride test, indicating the presence of chloride while the sulfate reaction created no precipitate indicating the absence of sulfate (Table 2). In addition, the unknown compound was put through a series of reactions along with what was believed to be the compound in order to compare the reactions to determine if they produce the same reactions. First sodium chloride, what is believed to be the unknown compound, and the unknown compound were reacted with silver nitrate, which produced a precipitate because it was a double displacement that produced AgCl which is not soluble in water. Sodium chloride and the unknown compound were reacted with potassium sulfate but produced no reaction because the products sodium sulfate and potassium chloride are both soluble in water. Sodium chloride and the unknown compound were then also reacted with potassium nitrate, creating a double displacement reaction which produces sodium nitrate and potassium chloride, which are also both soluble in water, therefore producing no reaction. When sodium chloride and the unknown compound were reacted with an acid, nitric acid, but the presence of the s odium chloride did not affect the pH of the nitric acid because it was an ionic compound. When the sodium chloride and the unknown compound were reacted with a base, potassium hydroxide, there was also no reaction or change in the pH of the potassium hydroxide because the sodium chloride is an ionic compound. Both the sodium chloride and the unknown compound produced the same results in every reaction further proving that they are one in the same (Table 4). Once it was found that sodium chloride and silver nitrate produce a precipitate when reacted, the reaction was used to produce a certain amount of precipitate which was then used in gravimetric analysis to see if both the known and unknown compound would produce the same amount of precipitate. The reaction that was filtrated was NaCl(aq) + AgNO3 (aq) -> AgCl (s) + NaO3(aq). The results from the known reaction were 1.77 grams of filter paper and 1.081 grams of precipitate alone, while the theoretical yield was 1.225 grams. The unknown reaction has yet to be found. The percent yield for the reaction was 97.56% (Table 5). A synthesis reaction was the final test preformed. The following chemical reaction occurred: HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) Ã   NaCl(s) + H2O(l). Once all of the water was evaporated out with the use of a hot plate, the precipitate was able to be weighed and the percent yield could be calculated. The reaction had a percent yield of 98.55% (Table 6). Conclusion After being employed by the Environmental Protection Agency, the group was able to identify the compound in the landfill. After all of the tests and reactions were performed, it was found that the unknown compound was sodium chloride. Its solubility in water, conductivity, and crystalline structure points to the fact that the compound is ionic. The positive flame test for sodium indicates that sodium is one of the elements in the compound because it produced a bright orange flame. The positive chloride test, when a white precipitate was formed, indicates that chloride is the second element in the compound. The unknown compound and sodium chloride were put through the same reactions and consistently produced the same results, further indicating that the unknown compound is sodium chloride. The gravitational analysis of the known and unknown substances provided similar results, backing up that the unknown substance was sodium chloride. The synthesis reaction produced a percent yield of 95.05%. Experimental Procedure: Physical Properties Tests 1. The physical state of the unknown compound was observed. This included the state of matter, smell (using the wafting technique), color, and structure. 2. A small amount of the unknown compound was placed in approximately 50mL of water and stirred to see if it would dissolve. 3. The same solution was used for the voltmeter and the conductivity was recorded. Anion Tests Chloride Ion Test Approximately 1 mL of the unknown solution was placed in a test tube and 1 mL of 6 M HNO3 was added. After that another 1 mL of AgNO3 was added. Whether a white precipitate was formed or not was recorded. If a white precipitate is observed, a chloride ion is present in the solution. Sulfate Ion Test Approximately 1 mL of the unknown solution was placed into a test tube and 1 mL of 6 M HCl was added. After that another 1 mL of BaCl2 solution was added to the same test tube. Whether or not a white precipitate formed was recorded. If a white precipitate is formed, sulfate is present in the solution. Cation Test Flame Test 1. The heat from the Bunsen flame was used to cleanse the nichrome wire. 2. A small amount of the unknown compound was placed onto the nichrome wire and held over the flame. The color of the flame was observed. Ammonium Test Approximately 1 mL of 6 M NaOH was added to 1 mL of the unknown compound solution. The waft technique was used to detect if there was any odor. If the smell of ammonia was present, there were ammonium ions present in the solution. Reactivity Tests Reaction with an Acid A solution with a small amount of unknown compound was mixed in 50 mL of water and a separate solution of a small amount of ammonium chloride and 50 mL of water. A small amount of the two solutions were placed in to two separate test tubes and a small amount of HNO3. Double Displacement Reaction A solution of a small amount of unknown compound was placed into 50 mL of water and a separate solution containing a small amount of sodium chloride and 50 mL of water. A small amount of the two solutions was placed into two separate test tubes and a small amount of K2SO4 was added into each test tube. The test tubes were then swirled and mixed. Double Displacement Reaction A solution of a small amount of unknown compound was mixed with a solution of 50 mL of water and a separate solution of a small amount of sodium chloride and 50 mL of water. A small amount of the two solutions were placed into two separate test tubes and a small amount of AgNO3 was added into each of the test tubes. The test tubes were then swirled and mixed. Double Displacement Reaction A solution of a small amount of unknown compound was mixed in 50 mL of water and a separate solution of a small amount of sodium chloride and 50 mL of water. A small amount of the two solutions were then placed into two separate test tubes and a small amount of KNO3 was added to each test tube. The test tubes were then swirled and mixed, and whether or not a reaction occurred was recorded. Reaction with a Base A small amount of unknown compound was mixed with 50 mL of water and a separate solution of a small amount of ammonium chloride and 50 mL of water. A small amount of these two solutions were then placed into two separate test tubes and a small amount of KOH was added. Gravimetric Analysis 1. A Buchner flask was used with a funnel placed over the top. 2. The filter paper was weighed and then wetted with water slightly. 3. The solution containing the precipitate was poured onto the filter paper and left until most of the liquid had seeped through. 4. The filter was then removed from the funnel and placed into an oven for 10 minutes until the precipitate and paper had completely dried. 5. The filter paper was then weighed with the precipitate still on top. The weight of the filer paper was subtracted from the new weight to obtain the most accurate result. 6. The procedure was completed three times with the unknown substances and twice with a known substance. Synthesis Reaction 1. Approximately 12.3 mL of ammonium hydroxide was mixed with 6.2 mL of hydrochloric acid in a beaker. 2. The solution was placed on a hot plate (under a hood) and allowed to boil until all of the liquid evaporated. 3. The remaining precipitate was removed from the beaker and weighed. References Cooper, M. M., Cooperative Chemistry Laboratories, McGraw- Hill: New York, NY, 2008.

Napoleon Essay -- European History Military Generals Essays

Napoleon â€Å"I live only for posterity, death is nothing, but to live without glory is to die every day† (Lefebvre 43). Napoleon was driven by his desire for glory and ambition and his ascension was tremendous. Born in Corsica, his family moved to France, in Marseilles, when he was only a child. From the state of a â€Å"lieutenant,† at the age of sixteen, to the one of emperor in 1804, till reigning over the European continent after his conquest of Prussia, his ascension was not only due to the events that occurred during his life, but was also due to his ambition and his tremendous genius. His genius was both military and political. Napoleon was a military genius because of his career rapidity. He went to the School of Officers in Paris. At the age of sixteen he was already a lieutenant. At Toulon, this battle enabled him to climb quickly the echelons in the military. As Chandler states, Napoleon gave military orders to produce a large number of guns. These guns and mortars provided Napoleon the possibility to attack the different forts situated in places that were overlooking the harbor. Because of this production, Napoleon was able to produce enough guns to attack the place without having a great loss in his army. Horne declared the recapture of the port became possible because the previous attacks enabled Napoleon to place a number of guns and mortars in good position to fire the British fleet commanded by Hood (17). By the success of his capture, the British fleet left the harbor and Napoleon gained great recognition by the military and was soon after promoted to the rank of â€Å"gà ©neral de brigade.† Napoleon’s military genius is perceived through the new division of the army. Gates state... ..., Georges. â€Å"A Romantic Tempered by Realpolitik.† Kafker & Laux. Napoleon and his Times: Selected Interpretations. Malabar Florida: Robert E. Krieger Pub. Co., 1989. Napoleonic Europe 1812. Map. Atlas of European History. By Bartholomew, Edinburgh. New York: HarperCollins, 1994. 148-49 Rothenberg, Gunther. â€Å"Military Affairs.† Kafker & Laux. Napoleon and his Times: Selected Interpretations. Malabar, Florida: Robert E. Krieger Pub. Co., 1989. Rowe, Michael. â€Å"Debate: Napoleon and the Post-Revolutionary Management of Sovereignty.† Modern and Contemporary France 8.4 (2000): 510-13. Academic Search Premiere. EBSCO. Roesch Library, Dayton. 04 Nov. 2002 Vandal, Albert. â€Å"The Restoration of Order and National Unity.† Kafker & Laux. Napoleon and his Times: Selected Interpretations. Malabar Florida: Robert E. Krieger Pub. Co., 1989.

DNA Molecule :: Biology, The Mitochondrial Cyt B

Haruan Channa striatus is in great demand in the Malaysian domestic fish market. Therefore, detailed knowledge of the genetic diversity and population genetics of Haruan C. striatus are needed for sound management, conservation, stock identification and successful fishing of the species. Haruan, the local name for the snakehead Channa striatus is an obligate freshwater fish of the family Channidae, which has important economic value as food fish, and has pharmacological properties as well as medicinal value (Mat Jais, 1991, 2007a, 2007b; Rahim et al., 2009; Jamaluddin et al., 2011). Haruan C. striatus can be morphologically distinguished based on coloration, meristics and morphometrics (Mat Jais, 1991; Rahim et al., 2009), as well as the distribution of scales on the underside of the lower jaw, and the morphology of the suprabranchial organs and a sharp pointed ridge at the mid-ventral part of isthmus (Vishwanath and Geetakymari, 2009). The wild species found in small rivers, lakes, pools and shallow water bodies where agro-chemicals are applied in their natural habitats can survive in harsh environments with low dissolved oxygen and high ammonia (Rahim et al., 2009; Jamaluddin, 2011). Haruan C. striatus in particular has a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 42, with a karyotype composed of 6 metacentric, 2 acrocentric and 34 telocentric chromosomes, NF=50, without heteromorphic sex chromosomes (Supiwong et al., 2009). The mitochondrial cyt b is one of the most important proteins encoding genes on the heavy strand of the mtDNA molecule, which has been widely used in molecular marker techniques for many applications to access intra- or interspecies genetic diversity, genetic variation, phylogeography, species and hybrid identification, phylogeny in numerous species and genera, population genetic structure, conservation and demographic history (Hsu et al., 2009; Li et al., 2009, Ma et al., 2010; Thangaraj and Lipton, 2010). Due to the potential of Haruan C. striatus previous studies have analyzed the genetics of this species at the morphological, biological, diet, physiological, biochemical composition, ecological and chromosomal level for breeding programs and medical and pharmaceutical activities for anti-microbial, antiinflammatory, cell proliferation, induction of platelet aggregation and anti-nociceptive properties (Mat Jais, 2007b; Rahim et al., 2009; Supiwong et al., 2009; Dahlan-Daud et al., 2010; Jamaluddin et al., 2011). In recent years, preliminary analysis of Haruan C. striatus populations has been examined based on different molecular markers, such as analysis of mitochondrial mtDNA (Abol-Munafi, 2007; Lakra et al., 2010; Jamaluddin et al., 2011), randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD; Ambak et al., 2006) and allozyme markers (Hara et al., 1998). Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) has been proven to be a successful method in studying the population genetic structure and differentiation of many fish, such as skipjack tuna

Comparison of Dulce et Decorum Est and Charge of the Light Brigade Essa

Comparison of Dulce et Decorum Est and Charge of the Light Brigade Compare and contrast the two poems Dulce et Decorum Est (Owen) with Charge of the Light Brigade (Tennyson), paying particular attention to the writers’ attitude to war. The attitudes of poets towards war have always been expressed vigorously in their poetry, each poet either condoning or condemning war, and mitigating their attitudes in whatever way possible. I aim to explore the change in the portrayal of war before and during the twentieth century, and also the structures and devices poets use to convey their views persuasively, and justify them. For this job I have chosen to write about â€Å"Charge of the Light Brigade† written by the poet Alfred Lord Tennyson and â€Å"Dulce et Decorum est† by the poet Wilfred Owen. These two poems describe war, and scenes from war, with varying levels of intensity and reality and also from different viewpoints. Written during the Crimean War Tennyson’s â€Å"Charge of the Light Brigade† mirrors the sentiments expressed in the Battle of Balaclava. This event took place in 1854 and is still remembered as one of the most famous triumphs in British history. The truth is that Lord Raglan suicidally led his troops " Into the valley of Death ", where they were massacred. Lord Tennyson was the poet Laureate at the time of the Crimean war, but did not witness any fighting and was not involved in it but his clever and effective use of literary devices in his poem ensure that this military fiasco was remembered as a glorious victory. Tennyson puts across a message to remember, respect and honour the soldiers for what they have given up their lives to do for their country. â€Å"Dulce et Decorum est† however, was writt... ... suggesting that the writers of glorious war poems have even lied to the young people, and sent them to the front line to die in their millions, in awful conditions and distressing situations. Having explored both poems, I feel that the one which brings about the biggest response from me is â€Å"Dulce et Decorum est†. This is because of the striking graphic imagery he uses, the way he describes the effects of the war on him, and also because of the way he directs the poem at the reader personally, using phrases such as â€Å"you† and â€Å"my friend†. In my opinion, â€Å"The Charge of the Light Brigade† does not have the impact and the realism to convey the opinions contained in it effectively and forcefully. I feel is a more imaginative, outlook on war than Wilfred Owen’s graphic poem. The thing I did like about Tennyson’s poem was the excitement and passion and pace.

Database: Design, Create, Populate, and Test

To achieve the criteria the evidence must show that the learner is able to: Task No. Evidence Create and populate a database [SMS] 3 Import data from an external source Create features in data entry forms to ensure validity and integrity of data Perform queries using multiple tables and multiple criteria VI Export data to an external source Include an advanced feature in a database design Implement an automated function Test a relational database [SMS, RL] Discuss how potential errors in the design and construction of a database can be avoided [III] 4 Evaluate a database against the specified user needLearner Declaration certify that the work submitted for this assignment is my own. I have clearly referenced any sources used in the work. I understand that false declaration is a form of malpractice. Learner Signature: Title Date: Assignment Design, create, populate and describe the features of a relational database. Purpose of this assignment The aim of this unit is to enable students to understand the features of relational databases and develop the necessary skills to design, create, populate and test a relational database incorporating advanced features. Task 3 – ScenarioImplement the database design from task 2 in Microsoft Office Access Task 3: 3. 1 Implement the database design from task 2 in Microsoft Office Access by creating at least five tables. Create all the tables as identified in your data model Set up relationships and enforce referential integrity to allow cascade updating and deletion of linked records Populate tables with valid and sensible test data Export all table definitions to a Word document This Provides evidence for CPA] 3. 2 Create test data in a spreadsheet and import into the relevant tables. You will need to document each step of this processThis Provides evidence for [MM] 3. 3 Design and implement all the forms (including at least one sub-form) that have been outlined in the Requirements Specification (see task 2 in the Syst ems Analysis and Design assignment). A consistent of style must be used in order to create a professional mage to allow users to interact with the system. Your implementation must include at least three features for ensuring data validity. Demonstrate and explain your forms to your tutor who will provide a witness statement confirming your success. This Provides evidence for CPA] 3. 4Perform three different types of queries using multiple tables and multiple criteria to search and sort data that are required from the output requirements (see task 2 in the Systems Analysis and Design assignment). Demonstrate and explain your queries to your tutor who will provide a witness statement confirming your success. This Provides evidence for [UP] 3. 5 Export the results of a query to another application. This Provides evidence for [MM] 3. 6 Design and implement all the reports that have been outlined in the requirements taking care to ensure consistency in line with your form designs.Create a â€Å"Main Menu† form as detailed in the requirements and implement at least one advanced feature. This Provides evidence for [MM] 3. 7 Demonstrate and explain the process to your tutor who will provide a witness Implement at least one automated feature from the list below: Macro Scripts program code This Provides evidence for [AS] 3. 8 Once you have completed the database, you will need to make sure that the database is working correctly. You are required to create a test plan that tests the main database functionality. Any test failures should be corrected and annotated using screen shots in a est. log.

Christians living

SOME nine hundred years ago, in 1096, the First Crusade was about to begin. If you had lived in Western Europe then, you might have witnessed large movements of men, wagons, horses, and ships. They were headed for Jerusalem, the holy city, which had been under the control of Muslims since the seventh century C. E. That was the first of the Crusades. Many historians list eight major ones. These expeditions scarred the history of East-West relations. They were accompanied by massacres and cruelty committed in the name of God and Christ. The last major Crusade began 174 years later, in 1270.The word â€Å"crusade† comes from the Latin word crux, which means â€Å"cross. † Members of the many expeditions sewed the symbol of the cross on their clothing. Why Crusades occurred? The declared motive for the Crusades was to take Jerusalem and the so-called holy sepulcher from the Muslims. But the causes ran deeper. Except for a few incidents, relations between the professed Chris tians living in the Middle East and the Muslims had been relatively calm. An important factor that led to the Crusades was the turbulent political, economic, and religious climate that prevailed in Europe.In the 11th century, new rural lands were being given over to agriculture, in an effort to increase food production. City areas were enjoying new life. The population was growing. However, when a famine plunged large numbers of peasants into poverty, many poured into the cities, where unemployment and misery awaited them. Protests often erupted. At the top of the social hierarchy were numerous feudal barons. These professional warlords wanted to take advantage of the political vacuum created by the breakup of Charlemagne’s empire and conquer new estates.The Church of Rome was also experiencing a period of turmoil. In 1054 it lost control of the Eastern Church. In addition, many of the clergy were being accused of immorality and of meddling in politics. In the course of time, other Crusades were mounted, the last in 1270. However, because of defeats, many began to doubt the legitimacy of such enterprises undertaken in the name of religion. If God really approved of these â€Å"holy† wars, they thought, he would certainly have favored those who claimed to act with his blessing.Yet, from the 13th century, church jurists tried to justify such religious wars and the clergy’s role in them. Durig those time and even until now, â€Å"People killing people in the name of religion in Northern Ireland has cost 2,079 lives in 12 years; 144 of those policemen,† says the Los Angeles Times. Though the basic issue is civil rights—the rights of the Catholic minority versus that of the Protestant majority—religion is deeply involved, and both sides have resorted to a militant solution.The country has been transformed â€Å"from a quiet backwater and stronghold of strict moral standards to a free-living, mid-20th century society, corru pted and changed by violent words and deeds,† writes Barry White in the Toronto Star. While, â€Å"activist priests have taken to carrying guns† in the north, according to Newsweek, Muslims in the south are fighting their ‘holy war’ against Catholic majority rule.Conclusion THOUGH the world at large appears to be at peace, â€Å"more than two dozen small wars flicker and rage around the globe . . . taking thousands of lives,† says an Associated Press dispatch. Closer examination reveals the â€Å"dismal truth that probably half or more of the wars now being fought around the world are either openly religious conflicts or involved with religious disputes,† says newspaper columnist C. L. Sulzberger. The said Crusade affects the people in the community and so made them have their own perception of the war. Some commented negatively about the crusaders and some agreed to their aims. Different opinions occur on to which they support.But the Crusade s and their failure should have taught that economic greed and desire for political prominence can lead to fanaticism and massacre. But the lesson has been ignored. The evidence lies in the many conflicts that have continued to stain many parts of our planet with blood. In these, religion often serves as a front for abominations. References Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, â€Å"What Do The Facts Show? †, 22 March, 1982, pp. 4-5. Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, â€Å"Religion’s Role in Past Wars†, 22 April 1972, pp. 11-15.

Solubility Curves

Water Chemical formula- H2O State at room temperature- Liquid Colour- Clear Melting point- 0oC Boiling point- 100oC Water- good solvent and a range of substances will dissolve in it. What happens when a sugar lump dissolves in water? When the sugar dissolves†¦ -The moving water molecules crash into the sugar particles -The sugar particles then break away from the crystal and into the water -The sugar and water particles then mix and diffuse evenly throughout.Copper sulphate- blue crystals, hydrated because they have water trapped within them. When they are heated this water evaporates, the crystals become dehydrated and turn white. Equation for this Reaction. CuSo4 5H2O —> CuSo4 + 5H2O Solute- Solid which is dissolving Solvent- liquid in which the solute dissolves Solution- the solute and solvent mixed together Sodium hydroxide- Soluble Copper Oxide- insoluble Calcium hydroxide- Insoluble Silver iodide- insoluble Aluminium nitrate- solubleMost ionic substances will dissol ve in water but covalent substances usually wont dissolve. Solubility of a solute = mass of a solid required to a saturate 100g of water at a particular temperature. Calculating Solubility 2g potassium chlorate dissolves in 20g water at 28oC what is its solubility? 2 x 100/20 = 10. 0g potassium chlorate/100g water 4g potassium sulphate dissloves in 30g water at 50oC what is its solubilty? 4 x 100/30 = 13. 33g potassium sulphate/100g water 0g sodium chloride dissolves in 75g water at 10oC what is its solubility? 30 x 100/75 = 40g sodium chloride/100g water Solubility Of Gases Carbon dioxide is the gas which is dissolved in fizzy drinks to make the fizz. What happened when you placed sprite in a boiling tube and gave it a shake? The sprite fizzed up. What happened after you heated the sprite then gave it a shake again? If fizzed just a little Carbon dioxide is more soluble in cold liquid. The solubility of gases decreases as the temperature increases.

Moby Dick Essay

Melville’s Moby Dick is widely recognized as one of the most complex and brilliant allegorical novels in American literature. As an allegory, the events, places, people and conflicts depicted in the novel represent not only the obvious surface-level elements of the novel, but stand as indications of the novel’s philosophical and metaphysical themes. The allegory of Moby Dick involves an examination into the nature of reality and also into the nature of good and evil, as defined for Melville partially by America’s Puritan heritage. Melville wanted to portray the essence of evil in a symbol, which was the whale, Moby Dick. When Ahab says â€Å"All visible objects, man, are but as pasteboard masks,† (Melville) he is echoing the allegorical construction of the novel in which each thing, such as the whale, Moby Dick, is merely a â€Å"pasteboard mask† (Melville) which hides the true essence beneath, an â€Å"unknown but still reasoning thing† (Melville) which â€Å"puts forth the mouldings of its features from behind the unreasoning mask† (Melville). For Ahab, the white whale is the mask which disguises truth and the revelation of the nature of reality. In this sense, the white whale becomes a symbol for whatever it is that holds mankind back from the perception of absolute reality. Ahab emphatically reveals his Platonic beliefs when he says â€Å"If man will strike, strike through the mask! How can the prisoner reach outside except by thrusting through the wall? To me, the white whale is that wall, shoved near to me. Sometimes I think there`s naught beyond. † (Melville) In this sense, the whale represents oblivion, the â€Å"naught beyond† which in Ahab’s mind is plainly associated with death. It is toward the heart of the nature of reality that Ahab strikes with his blood-sealed harpoon, not merely a fish in the ocean. For Ahab the white whale represented both ultimate reality and the wall which separates man from ultimate reality. Ahab’s view of nature and reality is that the visible world and all of the events, people, and actions in it are indicators of deeper, more profound, metaphysical ideas and experiences: when he hunts the white whale which represents evil and oblivion, he is hunting the absolute nature of evil, not merely one of its beasts. The intense hate that Ahab feels for the white whale helps to distinguish Ahab’s view of reality as presented in the novel form the vision of reality Melvile was trying to establish by way of the allegory of the novel. While Ahab believes the white whale to be the symbol of evil, Melville’s depiction of evil through the allegorical structure of Moby Dick is shown, ironically, through Ahab himself and not through the symbol of the whale. Instead, for Melville, the whale symbol indicated the cosmic universe and was exhaustively related through his use of cetological detail and science. In this way, Ahab’s obsession and hate are shown to be a tragic flaw along the lines of some of Shakespeare’s heroes, after whom Ahab’s dialogue explaining his motives for hunting Moby Dick are clearly derived. As Ishmael gains a closer, more intimate apprehension of whales, the development of his character and spiritual insight are correspondingly elevated. The more detailed are the cetological experiences and catalogues, the more wholly expressive and self-possessed and sure becomes Ishmael. Still deeper correspondences between the cetological material and Melville’s narrative form are established in Ishmael’s descriptions of the whales â€Å"blubber† and â€Å"skin† which he posits as being indistinguishable. This is reflected in the narrative structure of â€Å"Moby Dick† where it is equally as difficult to apprehend where the â€Å"skin† (overt theme and storyline) of the novel ends and the â€Å"blubber† (cetological and whaling discourses and catalogues) begin. Melville makes it perfectly clear that the â€Å"blubber† is an as indispensable part of his novel as it is for the whale’s body. â€Å"For the whale is indeed wrapt up in his blubber as in a real blanket or counterpane; or, still better, an Indian poncho slipt over his head;† (Melville) therefore, too, is the expository material, the â€Å"blubber† of the novel wrapped around its central, allegorical aspects. The detailed cetological aspects of â€Å"Moby Dick† may, indeed, prevent the reader from an easy, and immediate grasp of the novel’s â€Å"meaning† or even its astounding climax. Just as the whale’s hump is believed by Ishmael to conceal the whale’s â€Å"true brain† while the more easily accessed â€Å"brain† know to whalers is merely a know of nerves, the secret â€Å"core† of â€Å"Moby Dick† can only be pursued with patience and close, deep â€Å"cutting†due to the organic and harmonious nature of its narrative form. By keeping in mind the previously discussed aspects of the relationship between â€Å"Moby Dick’s† comprehensive cetological materials and their symbolic relationship to the novel itself, its form and themes, Ishmael, while discoursing on the desirability of whale meat as fit food for humans, offers an ironic gesture toward the novel’s probable audiences. â€Å"But what further depreciates the whale as a civilized dish, is his exceeding richness. He is the great prize ox of the sea, too fat to be delicately good† (Melville).

An Analysis Of The Sudanese Darfur Conflict Politics Essay

An Analysis Of The Sudanese Darfur Conflict Politics Essay Sudan is the country that spread broad field and has the richest underground sources. Sudan has the different ethnic and religious elements. In Sudan from time to time the conflicts occurred because of the economic and political reasons between these elements. In 80s and 90s South Sudan crisis emerged, but in the 2000s this conflict can solved. But after a short time another conflict, Darfur Conflict, emerged between the government and rebel groups. Darfur conflict can be seen as the ethnic, economic and cultural conflict rather than religious conflict. In this paper I will mention firstly the background of the conflict. Then I will explain the basic reason of the conflict core parties and third parties and their affect in the conflict. Finally I will evaluate the conflict at the state, regional and international level. A-) Background of the Darfur Conflict 1- ) Maps of Area Map of Area- Sudan 1 Map of Area- Darfur 2 2- ) Basic Information about Sudan and Darfur In general perspecti ve, the formal name is Republic of Sudan and it is the largest country in Africa, located in northeastern Africa. Sudan is counted as an undeveloped country but lastly because of the natural gas and petrol reserves its importance increased in the international arena. Sudan’s economy based on mainly agricultural and stockbreeding. Muslims which located in the North are compromised the %70 of whole population. In the South African blacks and Christians are compromised the other part of the population (%30). Also in Sudan there are 570 clans and there are 595 different languages in Sudan. Sudan country separated 57 different ethnic groups. It is neighboring the countries of Egypt, Libya, Chad, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Ethiopia and Eritrea.   [ 3 ]    Darfur located in the Western Sudan. Its population includes different ethnic groups and clans and its population is 6 million. Its neighboring states are Libya, Chad and Republic of Middle Africa. Darfur separated in 3 regions, west, north and south. Khartoum government appointed a governor to the each region. In general in Darfur there are two ethnic groups, Arabs and black Africans. Because of the marriage between the different ethnic groups borders between regions became undefined.   [ 4 ]    3- ) Outline and Background of the Conflict 26 February 2003 Darfur Liberation Front attacked to highlands which name is Gulu. (The headquarters of Jebel Marra District) 25 March 2003 The rebels usurped the garrison town of Tine along the Chadian border and captured the huge quantities of supplies and arms.   [ 5 ]    25 April 2003 Sudan Liberation Movement (SLA/M) and Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) attacked the region. With this attack 75 soldiers, pilots were killed, also many buildings and helicopters were destroyed.   [ 6 ]    May 2003 Janjaweed entered the conflict.   [ 7 ]    8 April 2004 Negotiation about the cease-fire between JEM and SLA.à ‚   [ 8 ]    May 2004 International Crisis Group declared that over 350,000 people were effectively debarred from the aid. Also in this year United Nations Secretary- General Kofi Annan made an attention the situation of genocide risk in the Darfur. December 2005 Chad- Sudan Conflict. An attack was actualized in Chadian region in the border of Sudan and 300 hundred people were dead. Sudan was blamed for the attack and death of people. Government of Chad declared their hostility to Sudan government.   [ 9 ]

The US presidency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The US presidency - Essay Example Any sane resident of the United States knows for sure that the history of presidential authority had known 44 American presidents, that the first U.S. president was George Washington, "the father of all Americans," who ruled the country from 1789 to 1797, that the current State President, Barack Hussein Obama, was elected in 2009 from the Democratic Party and is the 44th the president, in general, and the first black leader in the states’ history. The past twentieth century presented the United States with Vivid, unforgettable leaders. In the face of the presidents of the twentieth century, from William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt, at the beginning of last century, to George Herbert Walker Bush (1989-1993) and William Jefferson Clinton (1993-2001) at the end, the state had talented, intelligent, energetic leaders. However, their acts were not always beneficial for the state and sometimes brought evil and suffering to peoples all over the world. This paper will discuss two leaders of the American people, who were destined to govern the largest state in the world in a bygone age, democrat Lyndon Baines Johnson (1963-1969) and republican Richard Milhous Nixon (1969-1974). Lyndon Baines Johnson (1908-1973) began his political career in 1931 as secretary of Congressman R. Kleberg. By 1948, held the chair of senator and in 1955, he became the first leader of the Democratic Party. In 1960, Johnson decided to run for president. However, an election victory in 1960 was won by John Fitzgerald Kennedy (1961-1963), and Johnson preceded the powers of the Vice President on January 20, 1961. In 1963, Kennedy was assassinated on the 22 of November, and since that day Johnson began to serve as president. The end of the presidency of Lyndon Johnson was the 20th of January, 1969, when Nixon was inaugurated. After this event, the 36th U.S. President Lyndon Baines Johnson went to his ranch in Texas. He dropped out of high policy, wrote memoirs, and occasionally lectured at the University of Texas. He died on January 22, 1973, in his hometown of Stonewall of a third heart attack, caused by long smoking (Evans & Novak 1964). Richard Milhous Nixon's (1913-1994) became the youngest partner in the oldest law firm of Whittier’s "Wingert and Bewley" after graduating the Law School at Duke University in Durham (North Carolina) in 1934. And at age of 26 - became the youngest trustee of Whittier College. In August, 1942, he became a lieutenant of the Navy. He served as an officer in the aviation ground services in the Pacific. He was retired from the army in 1946 with the rank of Lieutenant Commander. In 1946, Nixon became a congressman. In 1950 - a senator. During the presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953-1961), Richard Nixon served as vice president. Eisenhower delegated much more power to his vice president, contrary to any of his predecessors. Nixon attended the majority of meetings between the president and the Cabinet of Ministers or Congress ional leaders. When being a chairman of the Presidential Commission for Public Contracts, Nixon took much pain to eliminate discriminatory hiring system. As a chairman of the Committee for Economic Development under the Cabinet of Ministers, he played an important role in ceasing the strike of steel workers in 1959. In three cases (1955, 1956 and 1957) he assumed the administrative functions of the president (during President’

Accounting (CASH FLOWS IN BUSINESS ORGANISATIONS) Coursework

Accounting (CASH FLOWS IN BUSINESS ORGANISATIONS) - Coursework Example Comparatively, net cash flow is defined as the difference between the amount of cash that come in and go out of a company within a period. To begin with, to understand the underlying factor causing the difference in these two major accounting items, it is important to recapture the fact that the estimation of a company’s net profit is guided by some rules provided by the GAAP. Unlike net profit, cash flow determination is not affected by any rules established by GAAP (Robbins 2014, par. 1-11). Second, it is important to note that net profit is determined by subtracting the operating expenses incurred in the process of producing goods from revenues generated by the sales proceeds of those goods and services. On the other hand, cash inflows or outflows of a business are not generated from the sales of goods and services. Instead, cash inflows come from sources such as loans and gifts whereas cash outflows arise due to activities such loan repayment. Therefore, a company can make losses but have a positive net cash flow, balance due to a substantial amount of borrowed money. Below is a hypothetical illustration of the difference. With reference to the provisions of the international accounting standards 7 (IAS 7), the indirect method of cash flow preparation involves commencement with the net income, which is adjusted for other transactions in order to obtain the net cash flow. Whereas, the direct method simply outlines cash inflows and outflows that form part of the operating activities of a company. In the latter, the difference between the negative figures (outflows) and the positive figures (inflows) gives the net cash flow. Illustrations are provided under appendix A and B (Gowthorpe 2005, pp. 212). Operating activities: appendix 2 and 3 contains a copy of the two companies cash flow statement. In the year 2011 and 2012, the following transpired as shown in the cash flow

Bp oil spill Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bp oil spill - Essay Example As a result of the explosion, an oil gusher located on the sea bed flowed relentlessly for around three months before the wellhead was finally successfully capped after a number of failed attempts (Robertson & Krauss, 2010). The oil spill had serious repercussions on Bp and its investors as well as other stakeholders in a number of related industries as the company had to claim responsibility for all the damage that was done as a result (Robertson & Krauss, 2010). The level at which the company was affected can be measured via the use of key indicators of performance related to the marketing industry. After investigations were conducted it was determined that Bp was to blame for the accident. However it was determined that Deepwater Horizon operator Transocean and Halliburton which was the contractor of the oil rig was also to blame for their various roles (Robertson & Krauss, 2010). The results of the investigation led to a number of repercussions especially for Bp in particular. Using long term Key indicators of performance one can determine that BP paid a large price for their mistake. In economic terms, BP took a large dent in their financial status as they ended up paying over 4 billion dollars in fines and other expenses in particular. Such a large financial effect can indicate the downfall of a company if not properly managed and handled in an economic manner (Parmenter, 2007). The image of BP also took a serious hit as organizations such as the EPA developed doubts over its integrity and as a result it lost its ability to vie for government contracts after the accident. This displays the fact that the company’s public image took a negative turn which can be dangerous if not overturned as soon as possible (Parmenter, 2007). The news reports also painted the company in a bad light as environmental and other organizations blamed the company for

Preformance Appraisal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Preformance Appraisal - Essay Example The book covers crucial elements of an effective performance review such as clear job expectations, training, and the establishment of performance-based rewards. This book provides useful information for understanding and developing effective performance appraisal systems, thus remain very crucial for every management scholar as well as practicing managers. This book outlines performance appraisal system aimed at enabling managers to appraise their employees effectively. The book identifies setting task objectives, documentation of employee performance, training employees, creating feedback mechanism and developing performance-reward system as some of the most crucial elements of an effective appraisal system. The book thus remains crucial for providing indispensible information about performance appraisal. In this book, Sims explores organisational performance in the dimension of employees. The author identifies employees as the main driver of organisational success. Sims proceed to explore performance appraisal as a means of boosting employee performance identifying specific elements of effective appraisal system that can ensure high level of employee performance and hence the performance of the overall

Ethics and policies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Ethics and policies - Essay Example The intense and dynamic nature of business pressures may not provide enough time for reflection and with the high stakes involved it may be tempting to compromise on ideals. Moreover, well-minded people often exhibit major differences in opinions about what constitutes ethical behavior and how these ethical decisions need to be made, further compounding the complex nature of the subject. A lot of evidence that we discuss in this paper shows that the advantages gained in taking an ethical stance are well worth the efforts taken in this often tricky path. This paper identifies the inherent long term benefits of actively managing the business ethics process in organizations and explores the value in ethical leadership especially in the air travel industry using relevant examples. The ethical issues that have afflicted companies like Enron, WorldCom and Tyco have brought the impact of ethics violations to the popular attention in the United States. Parmalat, Adecco, Ahoid and Skandia have grabbed the media focus in Europe. In all these scandals involving breach of corporate ethics, revelations have been followed by investigations, accusations, claims and counter claims. Legal wrangling involving formal investigations, testimony, evidence trials, verdicts and punishments have gained relentless media coverage. The resulting damage done to the reputation of these businesses is enormous. As a result, the employee morale becomes very low in this worrisome, suspicious and discouraging environment. May International, a management consultation firm, recently conducted a survey of businesses in US and in Italy to determine how business owners viewed corporate ethics. Concern for business and personal reputation was the reason most often (54% of respondents) stated by Italian business owners for concern about ethics. The most common reason (43%) noted by U.S. business owners for their ethics concern was the basic belief that

'Better leadership is too often proposed as a panacea for Essay

'Better leadership is too often proposed as a panacea for organisational problems which have other orgins'. Critically argue for or against this propostion with examples - Essay Example fined as the process by which an individual has influence over others to motivate them in attaining the goals that will help the organisation to move in a right direction. I agree with the notion that better leadership is too often proposed as a panacea of organisational problems which have other origins as people who have good and effective leadership skills can address all problems in a highly efficient manner. In every organisation, there are various problems and all of them can be resolved when their root causes are identified and remedial steps are taken to eradicate the foundation of the issues as it will ensure that organisational productivity is enhanced (Hays, 2008). In my opinion, better leadership is the solution for various organisational issues such as job dissatisfaction as there can be a gap between the job requirements and the jobholder’s personal attributes; with the help of an influencing leader, the jobholder can be motivated to deliver a good performance. However, it can be argued that a person’s job should be redesigned so that he/she is willing to make a productive contribution in the organisation’s required level of performances (Yukle, 2006). According to Bass and Bass (2008) and Howard and Wellins (2008), although leaders can motivate the employees to increase their efforts but if there is a conflict between the job requirements and employee’s skill level then the root cause should be eliminated. Wheelen and Hunger (2005) argue that leadership can temporarily resolve the problem but in the long-term it can hamper the performance of employees which can create ineffectiveness in the organisation. In my opinion, better leadership can definitely influence the employees to enhance their productivity which can improve their contribution level for organisation’s improved performance. It has been rightly stated by Mayo and Nohria (2005) that better leadership will provide more chances for resolving the organisational issues that have